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Several Families Living Close Together in Multiple Houses Surrounded by Farms Is Termed

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Expanse of land for farming, or, for aquaculture, lake, river or sea, including various structures

Typical programme of a medieval English manor, showing the employ of field strips

A farm (likewise called an agricultural holding) is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agronomical processes with the principal objective of producing food and other crops; it is the bones facility in nutrient production.[1] The proper noun is used for specialized units such as arable farms, vegetable farms, fruit farms, dairy, pig and poultry farms, and land used for the product of natural cobweb, biofuel and other commodities. Information technology includes ranches, feedlots, orchards, plantations and estates, smallholdings and hobby farms, and includes the farmhouse and agricultural buildings also as the land. In mod times the term has been extended so every bit to include such industrial operations as wind farms and fish farms, both of which can operate on land or sea.

There are about 570 million farms in the world, with nearly of which are small and family unit-operated. Pocket-sized farms with a land area of less than 2 hectares operate about ane% of the globe's agricultural land, and family farms comprise nearly 75% of the world's agronomical land.[2]

Modern farms in developed countries are highly mechanized. In the United States, livestock may exist raised on range, state and finished in feedlots and the mechanization of crop product has brought about a dandy decrease in the number of agronomical workers needed. In Europe, traditional family farms are giving fashion to larger product units. In Commonwealth of australia, some farms are very large because the land is unable to support a high stocking density of livestock because of climatic conditions. In less developed countries, small-scale farms are the norm, and the majority of rural residents are subsistence farmers, feeding their families and selling whatsoever surplus products in the local marketplace. Acres can concord the crops.

Etymology [edit]

A farmer harvesting crops with mule-fatigued wagon, 1920s, Iowa, The states

The discussion in the sense of an agricultural country-holding derives from the verb "to farm" a revenue source, whether taxes, customs, rents of a group of manors or merely to concur an individual manor by the feudal land tenure of "fee farm". The give-and-take is from the medieval Latin noun firma, likewise the source of the French discussion ferme, meaning a fixed agreement, contract,[three] from the classical Latin adjective firmus meaning stiff, stout, firm.[4] [v] As in the medieval age almost all manors were engaged in the business of agriculture, which was their primary revenue source, so to concur a manor by the tenure of "fee subcontract" became synonymous with the do of agriculture itself.

History [edit]

Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agronomics and its spread in prehistory: the Fertile Crescent (eleven,000 BP), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9,000 BP), and the New Guinea Highlands (9,000–6,000 BP), Central Mexico (v,000–4,000 BP), Northern South America (5,000–4,000 BP), sub-Saharan Africa (5,000–4,000 BP, exact location unknown), eastern Northward America (iv,000–3,000 BP).[6]

Farming has been innovated at multiple different points and places in human history. The transition from hunter-gatherer to settled, agricultural societies is called the Neolithic Revolution and beginning began effectually 12,000 years agone, near the beginning of the geological epoch of the Holocene[7] effectually 12,000 years ago.[8] It was the earth'due south first historically verifiable revolution in agronomics. Farming spread from the Heart Due east to Europe and by iv,000 BC people that lived in the key part of Europe were using oxen to pull plows and wagons.[9] Subsequent step-changes in human farming practices were provoked past the British Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century, and the Green Revolution of the 2nd half of the 20th century.

Farming originated independently in different parts of the world, equally hunter gatherer societies transitioned to food production rather than food capture. Information technology may take started about 12,000 years ago with the domestication of livestock in the Fertile Crescent in western Asia, soon to be followed by the tillage of crops. Mod units tend to specialize in the crops or livestock best suited to the region, with their finished products being sold for the retail market or for further processing, with farm products being traded around the globe.

Types of subcontract [edit]

A subcontract may exist owned and operated by a single individual, family unit, customs, corporation or a company, may produce ane or many types of produce, and tin can exist a belongings of any size from a fraction of a hectare[x] to several thousand hectares.[11]

A farm may operate under a monoculture system or with a variety of cereal or abundant crops, which may be carve up from or combined with raising livestock. Specialist farms are frequently denoted equally such, thus a dairy subcontract, fish farm, poultry farm or mink farm.

Some farms may not use the word at all, hence vineyard (grapes), orchard (nuts and other fruit), market garden or "truck farm" (vegetables and flowers). Some farms may be denoted past their topographical location, such as a hill farm, while large estates growing cash crops such as cotton fiber or java may exist chosen plantations.

Many other terms are used to draw farms to denote their methods of production, as in collective, corporate, intensive, organic or vertical.

Other farms may primarily be for research or education, such as an emmet farm, and since farming is synonymous with mass production, the give-and-take "farm" may exist used to describe wind power generation or puppy subcontract.

Specialized farms [edit]

Dairy farm [edit]

Dairy farming is a class of agriculture, where female cattle, goats, or other mammals are raised for their milk, which may be either processed on-site or transported to a dairy for processing and eventual retail auction There are many breeds of cattle that can be milked some of the best producing ones include Holstein, Norwegian Red, Kostroma, Brown Swiss, and more.[12]

In most Western countries, a centralized dairy facility processes milk and dairy products, such every bit cream, butter, and cheese. In the The states, these dairies are commonly local companies, while in the southern hemisphere facilities may be run by very big nationwide or trans-national corporations (such as Fonterra).

Dairy farms more often than not sell male calves for veal meat, as dairy breeds are not normally satisfactory for commercial beef production. Many dairy farms also grow their ain feed, typically including corn, alfalfa, and hay. This is fed directly to the cows, or stored equally silage for use during the winter season. Additional dietary supplements are added to the feed to amend milk production. [13]

Poultry subcontract [edit]

Poultry farms are devoted to raising chickens (egg layers or broilers), turkeys, ducks, and other fowl, mostly for meat or eggs.[14]

Pig farm [edit]

A pig farm is one that specializes in raising pigs or hogs for salary, ham and other pork products. They may be gratis range, intensive, or both.

Buying [edit]

Subcontract control and ownership has traditionally been a central indicator of status and power, especially in Medieval European agrestal societies. The distribution of subcontract ownership has historically been closely linked to form of government. Medieval feudalism was substantially a arrangement that centralized control of farmland, control of farm labor and political power, while the early American democracy, in which land ownership was a prerequisite for voting rights, was built on relatively easy paths to individual farm ownership. However, the gradual modernization and mechanization of farming, which greatly increases both the efficiency and capital requirements of farming, has led to increasingly large farms. This has usually been accompanied by the decoupling of political power from farm ownership.[ citation needed ]

Forms of ownership [edit]

In some societies (particularly socialist and communist), collective farming is the norm, with either government ownership of the land or common buying past a local group. Especially in societies without widespread industrialized farming, tenant farming and sharecropping are common; farmers either pay landowners for the right to use farmland or requite up a portion of the crops.

Agribusiness [edit]

Agribusiness (also called bio-business[15] [16] or bio-enterprise) refers to the enterprises, the industry, the system, and the subject field of the interrelated and interdependent[17] value bondage in agronomics[18] and bio-economy.[nineteen] The primary goal of agribusiness is to maximize profit while sustainably satisfying the needs of consumers for products related to natural resources such as biotechnology, farms, food, forestry, fisheries, fuel, and fiber — usually with the exclusion of non-renewable resources such as mining.[20] [21]

Studies of concern growth and performance in farming take found successful agronomical businesses are cost-efficient internally and operate in favorable economic, political, and physical-organic environments. They are able to expand and make profits, improve the productivity of country, labor, and upper-case letter, and continue their costs down to ensure market toll competitiveness.[22]

Agribusiness is non limited to farming. It encompasses a broader spectrum through the agribusiness system which includes input supplies, value-addition, marketing, entrepreneurship, microfinancing, agricultural extension, among others.

In some countries like the Philippines, creation and management of agribusiness enterprises require consultation with registered agriculturists if reached a certain level of operations, capitalization, land area, or number of animals in the subcontract.

Farms around the world [edit]

Americas [edit]

The land and buildings of a farm are called the "farmstead".[23] Enterprises where livestock are raised on rangeland are called ranches. Where livestock are raised in confinement on feed produced elsewhere, the term feedlot is usually used.

In the The states, in 1910 there were vi,406,000 farms and ten,174,000 family workers; In 2000 there were only two,172,000 farms and 2,062,300 family workers.[24] The share of U.Southward. farms operated by women has risen steadily over recent decades, from 5 percent in 1978 to 14 percentage past 2007.[25]

A typical Due north American grain subcontract with farmstead in Ontario, Canada

In the United States, there are over iii million migrant and seasonal farmworkers; 72% are foreign-born, 78% are male person, they have an average age of 36 and average pedagogy of viii years.[26] Farmworkers make an average hourly charge per unit of $9–10 per 60 minutes, compared to an average of over $18 per hr for nonfarm labor. Their average family income is under $20,000 and 23% live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level.[27] One-half of all farmworker families earn less than $10,000 per twelvemonth,[28] which is significantly below the 2005 U.S. poverty level of $19,874 for a family of four.

In 2007, corn acres are expected to increase by 15% because of the loftier demand for ethanol, both in and outside of the U.S. Producers are expecting to plant 90.5 million acres (366,000 kmii) of corn, making information technology the largest corn crop since 1944.[29]

Traditional Dutch farmhouse

Europe [edit]

In the Great britain, farm as an agricultural unit, ever denotes the area of pasture and other fields together with its farmhouse, farmyard and outbuildings. Big farms, or groups of farms under the aforementioned ownership, may exist called an estate. Conversely, a modest farm surrounding the owner'southward dwelling is chosen a smallholding and is by and large focused on self-sufficiency with merely the surplus being sold.

In Europe, traditional family unit farms are giving manner to larger production units where industrial agriculture and mechanization brings brings large ingather yields.[9]

The Common agricultural policy (CAP) is one of the nigh of import policies of the European Wedlock and is helping in the change of farms from traditional family farms to larger product units. The policy has the objectives of increasing agricultural output, providing certainty in food supplies, ensuring a high quality of life for farmers, stabilizing markets, and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers.[30] Information technology was, until recently, operated by a organisation of subsidies and market intervention. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60 per cent of the European union'southward annual budget, and as of 2013 accounts for around 34 per cent.[31]

Asia [edit]

Pakistan [edit]

According to the World Depository financial institution, "most empirical evidence indicates that land productivity on large farms in Pakistan is lower than that of pocket-size farms, holding other factors constant." Small farmers have "higher cyberspace returns per hectare" than big farms, co-ordinate to farm household income information.[32]

Nepal [edit]

Nepal is an agricultural country and nearly lxxx% of the full population are engaged in farming. Rice is mainly produced in Nepal along with fruits like apples.[33] Dairy farming and poultry farming are besides growing in Nepal.

Australia [edit]

Farming is a significant economic sector in Australia. A farm is an surface area of land used for primary production which volition include buildings.

According to the United nations, "greenish agronomics directs a greater share of full farming input expenditures towards the purchase of locally sourced input?(eastward.g. labour and organic fertilisers) and a local multiplier effect is expected to kick in. Overall, greenish farming practices tend to require more labour inputs than conventional farming (east.yard. from comparable levels to as much as 30 per cent more) (FAO 2007 and European Commission 2010), creating jobs in rural areas and a higher return on labour inputs."[34]

Where most of the income is from some other employment, and the farm is actually an expanded residence, the term hobby subcontract is common. This will allow sufficient size for recreational employ but exist very unlikely to produce sufficient income to be cocky-sustaining. Hobby farms are commonly around 2 hectares (four.ix acres) merely may exist much larger depending upon land prices (which vary regionally).

Often very pocket-sized farms used for intensive primary production are referred to past the specialization they are existence used for, such every bit a dairy rather than a dairy farm, a piggery, a market garden, etc. This also applies to feedlots, which are specifically developed to a unmarried purpose and are often not able to be used for more full general purpose (mixed) farming practices.

In remote areas farms tin can become quite big. As with estates in England, there is no defined size or method of performance at which a large farm becomes a station.

Africa [edit]

A farm in Africa includes various structures. Depending on climate-related areas primarily farming is the raising and breeding of grazing livestock, such equally cattle, sheep, ostriches, horses or goats. Predominantly domestic animals are raised for their meat, milk, skin, leather or fiber (wool). You lot might even come up across silk farms.[35]

Furthermore, at that place are plenty of hunting farms, guest farms and game farms. Arable or irrigated land is often used for raising crops such as feed grains and hay for animal feeding.

On some farms (Astro Farm) star-gazing became very popular because of the excellent optical quality in the desert.[36] The High Free energy Stereoscopic Arrangement (H.E.S.S.) which investigates catholic gamma rays is situated on Subcontract Göllschau in Namibia.

Farm equipment [edit]

Farm equipment has evolved over the centuries from simple hand tools such equally the hoe, through ox- or horse-drawn equipment such as the plough and harrow, to the modern highly technical machinery such as the tractor, baler and combine harvester replacing what was a highly labour-intensive occupation before the Industrial revolution. Today much of the farm equipment used on both pocket-size[37] and big farms is automated (e.g. using satellite guided farming).[38]

As new types of high-tech subcontract equipment take get inaccessible to farmers that historically stock-still their own equipment, Wired reports in that location is a growing backlash,[39] due mostly to companies using intellectual property law to prevent farmers from having the legal correct to fix their equipment (or gain access to the data to allow them to practice it).[40] This has encouraged groups such equally Open Source Ecology and Farm Hack[41] to begin to make open source hardware for farm machinery. In addition on a smaller scale Farmbot[42] and the RepRap open source 3D printer community has begun to make open up-source farm tools available of increasing levels of sophistication.[43]

Run into also [edit]

  • Agrestal structure
  • Agroecology
  • Electric energy efficiency on U.s. farms
  • Factory farming
  • Gentleman's farm
  • Hobby subcontract
  • List of organic gardening and farming topics
  • Museum of Scottish Country Life
  • Prison house farm
  • Ranch
  • Rural
  • Rural economics
  • Rural flight
  • Smallholding

References [edit]

  1. ^ Gregor, 209; Adams, 454.
  2. ^ Lowder, Sarah K.; Skoet, Jakob; Raney, Terri (2016). "The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family unit Farms Worldwide". World Development. 87: 16–29. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.x.041.
  3. ^ Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise Lexis, Paris, 1993
  4. ^ Patrick Hanks, ed. (1986). Collins dictionary of the English language. London: Collins. Bibcode:1986cdel.book.....H.
  5. ^ James Robert Vernam Marchant, Joseph Fletcher Charles (ed.). Cassell's Latin dictionary. Funk & Wagnalls.
  6. ^ Diamond, J.; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions" (PDF). Science. 300 (5619): 597–603. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..597D. CiteSeerX10.1.1.1013.4523. doi:ten.1126/science.1078208. PMID 12714734. S2CID 13350469.
  7. ^ "International Stratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Archived from the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2012-12-06 .
  8. ^ Graeme Barker (25 March 2009). The Agronomical Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers?. Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-xix-955995-4 . Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  9. ^ a b "A History of Farming". www.localhistories.org . Retrieved 2016-04-04 .
  10. ^ Winterbottom, Jo; Jadhav, Rajendra (June twenty, 2011). "SPECIAL Report - India's nutrient chain in deep alter". Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2011. The average size of farms in India is a mere ane.77 hectares -- about the size of two soccer pitches
  11. ^ "Anna Creek Station". Wrightsair. Archived from the original on March 1, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2012. Anna Creek Station is well known equally the largest cattle station in the globe, covering an expanse of 24,000 sq. km
  12. ^ "Summit Eighteen Best Milk Producing Cattle Breeds in the World". farm-animals.knoji.com . Retrieved 2016-04-04 .
  13. ^ "ThinkQuest". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  14. ^ "A Beginner's Guide to Poultry Farming". The Alabama Poultry and Egg Association. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved February eighteen, 2012.
  15. ^ Heijman, Wim (2016-06-01). "How big is the bio-business concern? Notes on measuring the size of the Dutch bio-economic system". NJAS - Wageningen Periodical of Life Sciences. 77: v–eight. doi:10.1016/j.njas.2016.03.004. ISSN 1573-5214. S2CID 156714858.
  16. ^ "Curriculum|TOKYO University OF AGRICULTURE". world wide web.nodai.air conditioning.jp . Retrieved 2021-05-02 .
  17. ^ Ward, Natalee (2017-05-25). "Ray Goldberg: The man that coined the term "agribusiness"". www.weeklytimesnow.com.au. Archived from the original on 2021-05-02. Retrieved 2021-05-02 .
  18. ^ Ng, Desmond; Siebert, John W. (2009). "Toward Ameliorate Defining the Field of Agribusiness Management" (PDF). International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. 12 (4).
  19. ^ Adamowicz, Mieczysław (2020). "Bioeconomy As a Concept for The Development of Agriculture and Agribusiness". Problems of Agronomical Economics. 365: 135–155. doi:10.30858/zer/131842. ISSN 0044-1600. S2CID 234433508.
  20. ^ "The Growing Battle between Mining and Agriculture". politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org . Retrieved 2021-05-02 .
  21. ^ "Reframing Agribusiness: Moving from Farm to Market Axial | Asking PDF". ResearchGate . Retrieved 2021-05-04 .
  22. ^ "Agronomical businesses: Primal influences on growth and performance", in Agricultural Businesses: Their Growth & Functioning, ISR/Google Books, 2022. ISBN 9780906321782
  23. ^ "Definition of FARMSTEAD". www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2021-06-15 .
  24. ^ "National Agricultural Statistics Service". Archived from the original on 2007-07-fifteen. Retrieved 2007-04-20 .
  25. ^ Hoppe, Robert A. and Penni Korb. (2013). Characteristics of Women Farm Operators and Their Farms. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
  26. ^ "Facts virtually Farmworkers" (PDF). National Heart for Farmworker Wellness. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  27. ^ "Changing Characteristics of U.S. Farm Workers" (PDF). U.Due south. Department of Labor. Archived from the original (PDF) on Feb 6, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  28. ^ "Facts on Farmworkers in the United states of america" (PDF). Cornell University. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2006. Retrieved Feb 17, 2012.
  29. ^ "Corn Acres Expected to Soar in 2007, USDA Says". Newsroom. Washington: U.Due south. Department of Agriculture - National Agronomical Statistics Service. March thirty, 2007. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  30. ^ Stead, David (22 June 2007). "Common Agricultural Policy". EH.Net Encyclopedia. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "Agronomics". European Union. xvi June 2016. Retrieved 2021-x-30 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ Study No. 39303-PK Islamic republic of pakistan, Promoting Rural Growth and Poverty Reduction,
    March 30, 2007, Sustainable and Development Unit. South Asia Region. Document of the World Depository financial institution. p.l
  33. ^ "Nepal: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Evolution". World Banking company.
  34. ^ "Archived re-create" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-04. Retrieved 2014-10-26 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally championship (link)
  35. ^ Namibia SME Portal Site Kalahari Wild Silk Archived 2018-09-xix at the Wayback Car Retrieved Sept. xix, 2018
  36. ^ Info Namibia Star gazing Retrieved Sept. 20, 2018
  37. ^ Lawrence, Marie (one June 2012). "Large Bots in Little Agriculture" – via Slate.
  38. ^ "From precision farming to autonomous farming: How commodity technologies enable revolutionary affect - Robohub". robohub.org.
  39. ^ Wiens, Kyle. "New High-Tech Farm Equipment Is a Nightmare for Farmers". Wired.
  40. ^ Wiens, Kyle. "We Can't Permit John Deere Destroy the Very Thought of Ownership". Wired.
  41. ^ A worldwide community of farmers that build and modify our own tools. http://farmhack.org/app/
  42. ^ Open source CNC farming http://get.farmbot.information technology/ Archived 2015-06-03 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ Pearce, J.Chiliad.(2015). Applications of Open Source 3-D Printing on Pocket-sized Farms. Organic Farming 1(one), 19-35. DOI: 10.12924/of2014.01010019

Bibliography [edit]

  • Adams, Jane H. (July 1988). "The Decoupling of Subcontract and Household: Differential Consequences of Capitalist Evolution on Southern Illinois and Third World Family Farms". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 30 (iii): 453–482. doi:10.1017/S0010417500015334.
  • Blackbourn, David (1998). The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918. New York: Oxford Academy Press.
  • Clark, Christopher (2006). Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Gregor, Howard F. (July 1969). "Subcontract Structure in Regional Comparing: California and New Jersey Vegetable Farms". Economical Geography. 45 (three): 209–225. doi:10.2307/143091. JSTOR 143091.
  • Grigg, David (July 1966). "The Geography of Farm Size a Preliminary Survey". Economic Geography. 42 (3): 205–235. doi:10.2307/142007. JSTOR 142007.
  • Schmidt, Elizabeth (1992). Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870–1939. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann.

External links [edit]

  • meaning of farmer, types of farmer, five richest farmers Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
  • "Farming styles and extension in broadacre cropping". The Australian Society of Agronomy . Retrieved eighteen Apr 2007.
  • "What is Sustainable Agronomics?". Academy of California. Dec 1997. Archived from the original on 21 April 2007. Retrieved eighteen April 2007.
  • Diver, Steve (Baronial 2002). "Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources". The ATTRA Project. Archived from the original on 2007-03-16. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
  • Open Source Ecology
  • "The National Agronomical Workers Survey". U.S. Department of Labor. Archived from the original on xvi February 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm

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